Strongyloidiasis
Pictures of strongyloidiasis and disease information have been excerpted from the VisualDx® clinical decision support system as a public health service. Additional information, including symptoms, diagnostic pearls, differential diagnosis, best tests, and management pearls, is available in VisualDx.
Synopsis
Strongyloidiasis is caused by Strongyloides stercoralis, a gastrointestinal (GI) helminth transmitted to humans by penetrating intact skin, usually of the lower extremity, or by oral ingestion. This infection is found worldwide but is more common in tropical climates or warmer areas of temperate regions (eg, southeastern United States, Caribbean islands).
S stercoralis follows a complicated life cycle; after skin penetration, larvae migrate through the body and eventually reach the intestine where they either develop into adult nematodes and lay eggs or remain as infective larvae. The eggs are excreted in stool and the larvae migrate to the perianal skin and cause the cutaneous manifestations. Autoinfection may also occur, whereby the larvae migrate to the lungs, are coughed up and swallowed, and re-infect the intestinal tract.
The infection may remain quiescent for years and it is commonly asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals. Acute infection may present with GI or pulmonary symptoms, if any. Symptoms of chronic infection may be specific (larva currens) or nonspecific (chronic abdominal pain, intermittent diarrhea, chronic urticaria / angioedema, nausea, constipation, coughing / wheezing, prurigo nodularis, or rarely, reactive arthritis).
Larva currens is an urticarial, pruritic, and sometimes painful eruption that starts at the perianal area and spreads quickly to involve the buttocks, thighs, and abdomen. It appears as 1 or more linear or serpiginous erythematous plaques. Each linear plaque extends at a rate of 5-15 cm/hr, hence the name larva currens. Larva currens lasts hours to days but may recur in the setting of autoinfection.
In immunocompromised patients, hyperinfection syndrome may occur, resulting in massive worm burden, which causes organ invasion, sepsis or septic shock, meningitis associated with intestinal bacteria, and death (70%-90% mortality rate). Hyperinfection syndrome manifests as “thumbprint purpura”: rapidly progressing purpura, including retiform purpura and petechiae that radiate out from the periumbilical area. This is caused by dermal invasion of large numbers of larvae that results in vascular occlusion. Immunocompromised patients who are especially susceptible to hyperinfection include those on concurrent systemic corticosteroids or vincristine, those with AIDS, malnutrition, hematologic malignancy, solid organ or hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, or human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection. Transplant recipients with graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) are at an especially high risk due to concurrent corticosteroid treatment of GVHD.
Risk factors include gardening, farming, having a psychiatric illness / being a long-term psychiatric patient (poor sanitation and pica), travel to hyperendemic areas, low socioeconomic status, being a prisoner of war, and walking barefoot outdoors. There are also multiple reports of transmission from an infected donor organ.
Symptoms may persist for weeks to decades and may be frequent or lie quiescent for months at a time. The longest documented infection is 65 years.
Look For
One or more erythematous, serpiginous, or linear urticarial plaques, up to 15 cm in length, most commonly located on the buttock, torso, and upper thighs. Rarely, the neck and face may be involved. The plaque may be observed to be moving or increasing in length during the office visit.
In variants such as hyperinfection syndrome, look for linear purpura, petechiae, or retiform purpura on the torso (especially in the peri-umbilical location), which may spread to the extremities in a centrifugal fashion as the parasites travel en masse out of the intestines. Hyperinfection syndrome is often associated with systemic symptoms such as sepsis or septic shock. Rarely, chronic plaques / nodules may be present from chronic excoriation.
The full text and image collection is available to VisualDx subscribers.
Prepare for Everything
Get the only system designed for point-of-care visual diagnosis of common and rare medical disorders as well as emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.
Your first 30 days are free. Cancel any time.