The common cold is a common cause of acute inflammation of the nasopharynx (rhinitis and pharyngitis). It is caused by a variety of viruses, particularly rhinovirus, coronavirus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Other causes of the common cold include influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses, adenoviruses, enteroviruses, and metapneumovirus. Although it can occur at any time of the year, there is usually a peak prevalence during the fall and winter months.

Primary symptoms include rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, and sore throat. These symptoms are largely due to the body's innate immune response to the viral infection rather than viral damage to the respiratory tract. Constitutional signs such as fever and chills are less pronounced than in other respiratory infections. A common cold may also aggravate underlying asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Secondary bacterial superinfections can occur. Patients with above symptoms along with localized pain to the sinuses may have resulting sinusitis (ie, viral sinusitis).

Common colds are self-limited and do not require specific treatment, but rather supportive measures. Children younger than 6 years average 6-8 colds per year with symptoms typically lasting 14 days. Older children and adults average 2-4 colds per year with symptoms typically lasting 5-7 days; however, the duration of symptoms is increased in cigarette smokers.

Note: In 2022 and 2023, pediatric invasive group A streptococcal (iGAS) infections and noninvasive group A streptococcal infection cases were associated with respiratory infections due to parainfluenza, rhinovirus, enterovirus, influenza, and human metapneumovirus, among other viruses. Concurrent or preceding viral infections, including varicella (chickenpox), may increase risk for iGAS infection. Severe outcomes of iGAS infections include necrotizing fasciitis, streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, and death.